Controlled Items

Export regulations for controlled pathogens

IMPORTANT: Do not ship any of these agents listed below internationally without prior approval from the Office of Export Controls

This guidance identifies pathogens that are controlled by either the US Department of Commerce or the US Department of State.

Export Administration Regulations (EAR) identifies pathogens and toxins in Category 1 of the Commerce Control List (CCL) with the following Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCN): 1C351, 1C352, 1C354 or 1C360 and the associated technology(ies) as ECCN 1E351. Genetic elements and genetically-modified organisms are controlled in ECCN 1C353.

International Traffic In Arms Regulations (ITAR) controls certain military-related toxins and pathogens at Category XIV of the US Munitions List (USML). Items controlled by the ITAR include Biological agents and biologically derived substances specifically developed, configured, adapted or modified for the purpose of increasing their capability to produce casualties in humans or livestock, degrade equipment or damage crops.

Contact the Office of Export Controls for related questions and license applications.

Human and animal pathogens (1C351 & 1C360)

  1. Central European tick-borne encephalitis viruses, as follows:
    1. Absettarov
    2. Hanzalova
    3. Hypr
    4. Kumlinge
  2. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (Herpes B virus)
  3. Chikungunya virus
  4. Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus (a.k.a. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus)
  5. Dengue fever virus
  6. Eastern equine encephalitis virus
  7. Ebola virus
  8. Hantaan virus
  9. Hendra virus (Equine morbillivirus)
  10. 1918 pandemic influenza virus – reconstructed replication competent forms containing any portion of the coding regions of all eight gene segments
  11. Japanese encephalitis virus
  12. Junin virus
  13. Kyasanur Forest virus
  14. Lassa fever virus
  15. Louping ill virus
  16. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
  17. Machupo virus
  18. Marburg virus
  19. Monkey pox virus
  20. Murray valley encephalitis virus
  21. Nipah virus
  22. Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  23. Oropouche virus
  24. Powassan virus
  25. Pulmonary & renal syndrome-haemorrhagic fever viruses (Seoul, Dobrava, Puumala, Sin Nombre)
  26. Rift Valley fever virus
  27. Rocio virus
  28. South American haemorrhagic fever (Sabia, Flexal, Guanarito)
  29. St. Louis encephalitis virus
  30. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis virus)
  31. Variola virus
  32. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
  33. Western equine encephalitis virus
  34. Yellow fever virus

  1. Coccidioides immitis
  2. Coccidioides posadasii

  1. Bacillus anthracis
  2. Bartonella Quintana (Rochalimea quintana, Rickettsia quintana)
  3. Brucella abortus
  4. Brucella melitensis
  5. Brucella suis
  6. Burkholderia mallei (Pseudomonas mallei)
  7. Burkholderia pseudomallei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei)
  8. Chlamydia psittaci
  9. Clostridium botulinum
  10. Clostridium perfringens, epsilon toxin producing types
  11. Coxiella burnetil
  12. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, serotype O157 and other verotoxin producing serotypes
  13. Francisella tularensis
  14. Rickettsia prowasecki (a.k.a. Rickettsia prowazekii)
  15. Rickettsia rickettsia
  16. Salmonella typhi
  17. Shigella dysenterae
  18. Vibrio cholera
  19. Yersinia pestis

Toxins and "subunits" thereof (1C351 & 1C360)

  1. Abrin
  2. Aflatoxins
  3. Botulinum toxins
  4. Cholera toxin
  5. Clostridium perfringens toxin
  6. Conotoxin
  7. Diacetoxyscirpenol toxin
  8. HT-2 toxin
  9. Microcystin (Cyanginosin)
  10. Modeccin toxin
  11. Ricin in the form of
    1. Ricinus Communis AgglutininII (RCAII) also known as ricin D or Ricinus Communis LectinIII (RCLIII) and
    2. Ricinus Communis LectinIV (RCLIV), as known as ricin E
  12. Saxitoxin for saxitoxin identified by C.A.S. #35523-89-8
  13. Shiga toxin
  14. Staphylococcus aureus toxins
  15. T-2 toxin
  16. Tetrodotoxin
  17. Verotoxin and other Shiga-like ribosome inactivating proteins
  18. Viscum Album Lectin 1 (Viscumin)
  19. Volkensin toxin

Animal pathogens (1C352 & 1C360)

  1. African horse sickness virus
  2. African swine fever virus
  3. Akabane virus
  4. Avian influenza (AI) viruses that:
    1. Have an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) in 9-week old chickens greater than 1.2 or
    2. Cause at least 75% mortality in 4- to 8-week old chickens infected intravenously
    • Note: AI viruses of the H5 or H7 subtype that do not have either of the characteristics described above should be sequenced to determine whether multiple basic amino acids are present at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule (HA0). If the amino acid motif is similar to that observed for other HPAI isolates, then the isolate being tested should be considered as HPAI and the virus is export controlledBluetongue virus
  5. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent
  6. Camel pox virus
  7. Foot and mouth disease virus
  8. Goat pox virus
  9. Lumpy skin disease virus
  10. Lyssa virus
  11. Malignant catarrhal fever virus
  12. Menangle virus
  13. Newcastle disease virus
  14. Peste des petits ruminants virus
  15. Porcine enterovirus type 9 (swine vesicular disease virus)
  16. Porcine herpes virus (Aujeszky's disease)
  17. Rinderpest virus
  18. Sheep pox virus
  19. Swine fever virus (Hog cholera virus)
  20. Teschen disease virus
  21. Vesicular stomatitis virus (Exotic strains of Vesicular stomatitis virus are select agents)

  1. Mycoplasma capricolum
  2. Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae
  3. Mycoplasmo mycoides, as follows:
    • Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC (small colony) (a.k.a. contagious bovine pleuropneumonia)
    • Mycoplasma mycoides capri

  1. Erhlichia ruminantium (a.k.a. Cowdria ruminantium)

Genetic elements and genetically-modified organisms (1C353)

  1. Genetic elements that contain nucleic acid sequences associated with the pathogenicity of microorganisms listed above (controlled by 1C351.a to .c, 1C352, 1C354, or 1C360)
  2. Genetic elements that container nucleic acid sequences coding for any of the "toxins" (controlled by 1C351.d) or "sub-units of toxins" listed above

  1. Genetically modified organisms that contain nucleic acid sequences associated with the pathogenicity of microorganisms listed above (controlled by 1C351.a to .c, 1C352, 1C354, or 1C360)
  2. Genetically modified organisms that contain nucleic acid sequences coding for any of the "toxins" (controlled by 1C351.d) or "sub-units of toxins" listed above

Notes

  1. "Genetic elements" include, inter alia, chromosomes, genomes, plasmids, transposons, and vectors, whether genetically modified or unmodified
  2. This rule does not control nucleic acid sequences associated with the pathogenicity of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, serotype O157 and other verotoxin producing strains, except those nucleic acid sequences that contain coding for the verotoxin or its sub-units
  3. "Nucleic acid sequences associated with pathogenicity" (controlled by 1C351.a to .c, 1C352, 1C354, 1C360) means any sequence specific to the relevant controlled microorganism that:
    • In itself or through its transcribed or translated products represents a significant hazard to human, animal or plant health, or
    • Is known to enhance the ability of a microorganism listed above (controlled by 1C351.a to .c, 1C352, 1C354, or 1C360), or any other organism into which it may be inserted or otherwise integrated, to cause serious harm to human, animal or plant health

Category XIX- toxicological agents, chemical agents, biological agents and associated equipment

(1) Nerve agents:

(i) O-Alkyl (equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphonofluoridates, such as: Sarin (GB): O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (CAS 107–44–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); and Soman(GD): O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (CAS 96–64–0) (CWC Schedule 1A)

(ii) O-Alkyl (equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphoramidocyanidates, such as: Tabun (GA): OEthyl N, N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (CAS 77–81–6) (CWC Schedule 1A)

(iii) O-Alkyl (H or equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) S–2-dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)aminoethyl alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated and protonated salts, such as: VX: O-Ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl hosphonothiolate (CAS 50782–69–9) (CWC Schedule 1A)

(2) Amiton:

O,O-Diethyl S-[2(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothiolate and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts (CAS 78–53–5) (CWC Schedule 2A)

(3) Vesicant agents:

(i) Sulfur mustards, such as: 2-Chloroethylchloromethylsulfide (CAS 2625–76–5) (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (CAS 505–60–2) (CWC Schedule1A); Bis(2-chloroethylthio)methane (CAS 63839–13–6) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,2-bis (2-chloroethylthio)ethane (CAS 3563–36–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,3-bis (2-chloroethylthio)-n-propane (CAS 63905–10–2) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,4-bis (2-chloroethylthio)-n-butane (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,5-bis (2-chloroethylthio)-npentane (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis (2-chloroethylthiomethyl) ether (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis (2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether (CAS 63918–89–8) (CWC Schedule 1A)

(ii) Lewisites, such as: 2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine (CAS 541–25–3) (CWCSchedule 1A); Tris (2-chlorovinyl) arsine (CAS 40334–70–1) (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis (2-chlorovinyl) chloroarsine (CAS 40334–69–8) (CWC Schedule 1A)

(iii) Nitrogen mustards, such as: HN1: bis (2-chloroethyl) ethylamine (CAS 538–07–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); HN2: bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine (CAS 51–75–2) (CWC Schedule 1A); HN3: tris (2-chloroethyl)amine (CAS 555–77–1) (CWC Schedule 1A)

(iv) Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)

(v) Methyldichloroarsine (MD);(4) Incapacitating agents, such as:

(i) 3-Quinuclindinyl benzilate (BZ) (CAS 6581–06–2) (CWC Schedule 2A)

(ii) Diphenylchloroarsine (DA) (CAS 712–48–1)

(iii) Diphenylcyanoarsine (DC)

(b) Biological agents and biologically derived substances specifically developed, configured, adapted, or modified for the purpose of increasing their capability to produce casualties in humans or livestock, degrade equipment or damage crops.

(1) Alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl) phosphonyl diflourides, such as: DF: Methyl Phosphonyldifluoride (CAS 676–99–3) (CWC Schedule 1B); Methylphosphinyldiflouride

(2) O-Alkyl (H or equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) O–2-dialkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-Propyl or isopropyl)aminoethyl alkyl (methyl, ethyl, N-propyl or isopropyl)phosphonite and corresponding alkylated and protonated salts, such as: QL: O-Ethyl-2-di-isopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite (CAS 57856–11–8)(CWC Schedule 1B)

(3) Chlorosarin: O-Isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate (CAS 1445–76–7) (CWC Schedule 1B)

(4) Chlorosoman: O-Pinakolyl methylphosphonochloridate (CAS 7040–57–5) (CWC Schedule 1B)

(5) DC: Methlyphosphonyl dichloride (CAS 676–97–1) (CWC Schedule 2B); ethylphosphinyldichloride

(1) Adamsite (Diphenylamine chloroarsine or DM) (CAS 578–94–9)

(2) CA (Bromobenzyl cyanide) (CAS 5798–79–8)

(3) CN (Phenylacyl chloride or w-Chloroacetophenone) (CAS 532–27-4)

(4) CR (Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazephine) (CAS 257–07–8)

(5) CS (o-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile or o-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile) (CAS 2698–41–1)

(6) Dibromodimethyl ether (CAS 4497–29–4)

(7) Dichlorodimethyl ether (ClCi) (CAS 542–88–1)

(8) Ethyldibromoarsine (CAS 683–43–2)

(9) Bromo acetone

(10) Bromo methylethylketone

(11) Iodo acetone

(12) Phenylcarbylamine chloride

(13) Ethyl iodoacetate